COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Fifty-fourth session
Item 10 of the provisional agenda

QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND
OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES

Written statement submitted by the Bahá'í International Community,
a non-governmental organization in special consultative status

The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1296 (XLIV).

[4 February 1998]

Situation of the Bahá'ís in Iran

1. Since the Islamic Revolutionary regime took power in Iran in 1979, Bahá'ís have been harassed and persecuted solely on account of their religious beliefs. They have repeatedly been offered relief from persecution if they were prepared to recant their Faith.

2. With approximately 300,000 members, the Bahá'í Faith is Iran's largest religious minority, but it is not recognized as a religion by the Iranian Constitution. The Islamic regime refers to it as a heresy and a conspiracy. As "unprotected infidels" Bahá'ís have no legal rights, although Iran is a signatory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which guarantees freedom of religious belief.

3. A secret Iranian government document published by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1993 confirms that Iran's anti-Bahá'í actions reflect deliberate government policy. Produced by Iran's Supreme Revolutionary Cultural Council on 25 February 1991 and approved by the Islamic Republic's Supreme Leader, this document sets forth specific guidelines for dealing with "the Bahá'í question" so that Bahá'í "progress and development shall be blocked". It is no less than a blueprint for the slow strangulation of the Bahá'í community.

The Bahá'í religious minority in Iran

4. The Bahá'í community in Iran poses no threat to the authorities. The principles of the Bahá'í Faith require Bahá'ís to be obedient to their Government and to avoid partisan political involvement, subversive activity and all forms of violence. The Bahá'í community in Iran is not aligned with any Government, ideology or opposition movement.

5. The Bahá'ís seek no special privileges. They desire only their rights under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, of which Iran is a signatory, including the right to life, the right to profess and practise their religion, the right to liberty and security of person, and the right to education and work.

Recent changes in the situation

6. Since November 1997 there have been 11 Bahá'ís arrested and imprisoned, bringing the total number of Bahá'ís in prison in Iran by reason of their Faith to 21.

7. Recently, the authorities have been arresting Bahá'ís on the excuse that they do not have work permits. The law states that anyone who works or is self-employed has to have a work permit, but this is a law that has rarely been enforced as the unemployment rate in the country is so high. Any requests by Bahá'ís for work permits are almost certain to be denied.

8. Mr. Nasir Iqani who was imprisoned in August 1997 has been released.

Executions, death sentences and imprisonment

9. Since 1979, more than 200 Bahá'ís have been killed and 15 others have disappeared and are presumed dead. In July 1997 two Bahá'ís, Mr. Masha'llah Enayati and Mr. Shahram Reza'i, were killed because of their religious beliefs.

10. Mr. Masha'llah Enayati, a 63-year-old Bahá'í resident of Tehran, died on 4 July 1997, after being severely beaten while in custody. During a visit to his native village of Ardistan to attend a Bahá'í meeting, Mr. Enayati was arrested under circumstances which are not clear. He was taken to prison in Isfahan, where he was severely beaten on all parts of the body. It appears that he was held in prison for about a week, before being taken to a hospital where he eventually passed away. Mr. Enayati's death certificate is worded in a most unusual way, suggesting that the doctor himself may have been under threat. Under "cause of death" the doctor entered in his own handwriting, "will be known later".

11. Mr. Shahram Reza'i, a young Bahá'í serving as a conscript in the Iranian army on a military base near the city of Rasht, was shot in the head by his superior officer on 6 July 1997 and died the following day. The officer concerned, who was responsible for weapons training, maintained that the bullets were fired in error. He was released after a few days, once it was determined that the dead soldier was a Bahá'í. The court excused the officer of paying the blood money normally required in such instances, ordering him to pay just the cost of the three bullets used to kill Mr. Reza'i. Mr. Reza'i is the seventh Bahá'í in Iran engaged in compulsory military service to have been slain by officers or other soldiers.

12. Arbitrary arrests of Bahá'ís continue, with a marked increase in the number of short-term arrests in various areas of the country. During the past three years more than 200 Bahá'ís have been arrested and detained for periods ranging from 48 hours to six months in cities such as Yazd, Isfahan, Simnan, Babul, Kirmanshah, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tankabun, Ahvaz, Kirman, Karaj, Qa'im Shahr and Tehran.

13. As of January 1998 the following 21 Bahá'ís were being held in prisons because of their religious beliefs:

Denial of the right to organize as a peaceful religious community

14. Since 1983 the Bahá'í community has been denied the right to officially assemble and the right to maintain its administrative institutions, those democratically elected governing bodies which in other countries organize and administer the religious activities of the community. Since the Bahá'í Faith has no clergy, the denial of the rights to elect and organize these institutions threatens the very existence of a viable religious community. These sacred institutions perform many of the functions reserved to clergy in other religions and are the foundational element of Bahá'í community life.

Confiscation and destruction of community properties

15. Bahá'í cemeteries, holy places, historical sites, administrative centres and other assets were seized shortly after the 1979 revolution. No properties have been returned and many have been destroyed.

16. A Bahá'í holy place in Urumiyyih was demolished in December 1996. This property, which was in the possession of the Revolutionary Guards, belonged to a Bahá'í organization, all of whose properties have been confiscated. The property has been destroyed to be replaced by a new building, the construction of which is still in process.

17. On 30 June 1993, the Bahá'í International Community was notified that bulldozers were being used to excavate a section of the Bahá'í cemetery in Tehran to make way for construction of a municipal cultural centre. Iranian authorities responded to international protests with contradictory explanations, both denying and confirming the destruction of the cemetery. Approximately 15,000 graves have been desecrated in this project.

18. Seizure of cemeteries throughout Iran has created problems for Bahá'ís, who have difficulties burying their dead and identifying grave sites. They are permitted access only to areas of wasteland which the Government has designated for their use, and are not permitted to mark the graves of their loved ones.

Confiscation of properties belonging to Bahá'ís

19. The property rights of Bahá'ís are generally disregarded. Since 1979, large numbers of private and business properties belonging to Bahá'ís, including homes and farms, have been arbitrarily confiscated.

20. The belongings of hundreds of Bahá'ís have been confiscated throughout Iran, including more than 150 cases in Yazd in 1995. In recent months the properties of 60 Bahá'í families were confiscated, including those of a blind woman, despite protests by her neighbours. In two cases the residents were evicted and their furniture was placed in the street. There are 10 other cases of property confiscations currently in process. According to reliable reports, the majority of the Bahá'ís in Yazd are now prohibited from conducting any business transactions. Attempts to have the central Government bring pressure to bear on the authorities in Yazd to ameliorate the circumstances of the Bahá'ís have been unsuccessful.

21. Seizure of personal properties, together with the denial of access to education and employment, is eroding the economic base of the Bahá'í community.

Denial of employment, pensions and other benefits

22. The confiscation of property is only one of the ways in which the Government is systematically weakening the economic base of the Bahá'í community. Many Bahá'ís in Iran have also been deprived of the means to earn a living. In the early 1980s more than 10,000 Bahá'ís were dismissed from positions in government and educational institutions because of their religious beliefs. Many remain unemployed and receive no unemployment benefits. The pensions of Bahá'ís dismissed on religious grounds were terminated; some of the Bahá'ís have even been required to return salaries or pensions paid to them. Bahá'í farmers are denied admission to farmers' cooperatives, which are often the only sources of credit, seeds, pesticide and fertilizer.

Denial of access to education

23. An entire generation of Bahá'ís has been systematically barred from higher education in legally recognized public and private institutions of learning in Iran. The Government recently changed the four-year high school to three years and made the fourth year a pre-university year. Diplomas are awarded to students, including Bahá'ís, at the end of their third year of high school. The high school diploma is required to obtain entry to the pre-university year, and that year is required for admission to technical schools and other educational institutes. Bahá'ís, however, are precluded from entry to the pre-university year, even if they hold a high school diploma, and so are denied access to these institutions of higher education. To our knowledge, members of no other religious group are deprived in this way.

24. The Bahá'í Faith places a high value on education, and Bahá'ís had been among the best-educated groups in Iran. The denial of access to higher education and recently being deprived of the fourth year of high school is demoralizing to Bahá'í youth. This erosion of the educational level of the community is, as its authors envisioned, inevitably leading to the impoverishment of the community.

Denial of civil rights and liberties

25. Unlike Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism, the Bahá'í Faith is not recognized in the Iranian Constitution, and therefore Bahá'ís fall into the category of "unprotected infidels", whose rights can be ignored with impunity. In general, the pressures placed on the Bahá'ís by the judicial system have increased.

26. Neither Bahá'í marriage nor divorce is legally recognized in Iran, and the right of Bahá'ís to inherit is denied. For example, a Bahá'í was recently prevented from receiving her rightful share in the inheritance following the death of her daughter. The Ministry of Justice, Tehran Civil Court, issued a Certification of Inheritance which states that the only heir of the deceased is her husband, a Muslim, "... because the other inheritors are Bahá'ís, and subject to article No. 881 of the Civil Law". On appeal, the Central Public Court ruled that this woman's objection to the previous verdict "... is unfounded because she has frankly admitted to the court that she is a Bahá'í". Until 1995, attempts to gain probate were permitted if carried out in a special way; however, since 1996, Bahá'ís have been strictly forbidden to seek probate.

27. The freedom of Bahá'ís to travel outside or inside Iran is often impeded by Iranian authorities or even denied. Although the last year has witnessed an increase in the number of Iranian Bahá'ís given passports, this does not represent a change in policy on the part of the Iranian Government.

28. Furthermore, in a number of communities the practice of summoning Bahá'ís to the security offices on various specious pretexts and insulting and belittling them, so as to create fear in their families and weaken their spirits, still continues unabated.